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It is bound to the String class itself, accessed as Stringformat() On the other hand, the value() method, invoked at line 7 in the test program is a nonstatic method It is bound to the object x, an instance of the Ratio class, and is accessed xvalue() A static method is also called a class method; a nonstatic method is also called an instance method The object to which an instance method is bound in an invocation is called its implicit argument for that invocation For example, the implicit argument in the invocation xequals(xx) is the object x (xx is the explicit argument) Note that every program s main() method is a static method COMPOSITION, AGGREGATION, AND INHERITANCE There are several different ways to associate one class with another: composition, aggregation, and inheritance.

When a class A contains references to instances of a class B and controls all access to those instances, we say that A is a composition of B For example, a University class would be a composition of Department objects Each Department object belongs to a unique University object, which controls access to its department If A is a composition of B, we say that an A object owns a B object For example, a university owns a department When a class A contains references to a class B whose instances exist and are accessible outside of A, we say that A is an aggregation of B For example, in a university software system, a Department class would contain references to Professor objects who are members of the department, but who also exist outside the department In fact, a professor could be a member of two different departments.

If A is an aggregation of B, we say that an A object has a B object For example, a department has a professor When a class A includes all the members of a class B, we say that A is an extension of B, and that it inherits all the properties of B For example, a Professor class would be an extension of a Person objects If A is an extension of B, we say that an A object is a B object For example, a professor is a person Figure 16 illustrates how these three class associations are represented in UML Composition is indicated by a filled diamond head adjacent to the composing class, aggregation is indicated by an empty diamond head adjacent to the aggregating class, and inheritance is indicated by an empty arrow head adjacent to the extended class EXAMPLE 16 Implementing Associations.

Design Item Analysis Grid Navigational Pane List of Filters Button Dropdown Box Checkbox Group Radio Button Group List of Conditions List of Exceptions Text Messages Workbook Settings

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public class Person { private final String name; public Person(String name) { this.name = new String(name); }

Discretionary scal policy involves intentional changes in government spending and/or net tax revenues in order to alter the level of aggregate spending. We have already found that an increase in government spending and/or a decrease in lump-sum taxes shifts the aggregate spending line upward and raises the equilibrium level of output, while a decrease in government spending and/or an increase in lump-sum taxes shifts the aggregate spending line downward and lowers the equilibrium level of output. The government can use discretionary scal actions (changing government spending and/or lump-sum taxes) to eliminate an in ationary or recessionary gap.

APPLICATION: A Polynomial CLASS A polynomial is a mathematical function of the form: The greatest exponent, n, is called the degree of the polynomial. For example, p(x) = 7x 4 2 is a polynomial of degree 4. The simplest polynomials are constant polynomials such as p(x) = 6 (degree 0) and linear polynomials such as p(x) = 9x + 6 (degree 1). The unique zero polynomial p(x) = 0 is defined to have degree 1. In this section we present a Polynomial class whose instances represent mathematical polynomials and which supports the usual algebraic operations on polynomials. A polynomial can be regarded as a sum of distinct terms. A term is a mathematical function of the form t(x) = cx e, where c is any real number and e is any nonnegative integer. The number c is called the coefficient, and the number e is called the exponent. To define a class whose objects represent polynomials, we use a linked list of Term objects. For example, the polynomial p(x) = 3x 2 2x + 5 could be represented as a list of three elements, where the first element represents the term 3x 2, the second element represents the term 2x, and the third element represents the (constant) term 5. EXAMPLE 7.7 A Polynomial Class